Mahasthangarh

Bogura, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh

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Mahasthangarh is the oldest known city in Bangladesh, located near Bogura in the Rajshahi Division. This ancient archaeological site dates back to at least the 3rd century BCE and was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Pundra, known as Pundranagara. Its name means “a great place of sanctity,” and it has witnessed thousands of years of history.

The city of Mahasthangarh was first established during the Mauryan period, around the 3rd century BCE. Over the centuries, it became an important administrative and military center for various dynasties, including the Mauryas, Guptas, Palas, and Sena rulers. The site continued to prosper until the medieval period, when its significance declined with the advent of Muslim rule in Bengal. By the 15th century, Mahasthangarh was largely abandoned and eventually turned into ruins.

The ruins of Mahasthangarh cover a vast rectangular area, surrounded by walls made of mud and bricks. The fortified city measures about 1.5 kilometers north to south and 1.3 kilometers east to west. Gates and bastions were built along the defensive walls. A deep moat on three sides and the Karatoya river on the fourth side added extra protection for the city. Inside the citadel, the remains of administrative buildings, temples, and reservoirs reflect the advanced planning of the ancient city.

Mahasthangarh was a center of religious activity for Hindus, Buddhists, and later Muslims. Many Hindu temples, Buddhist stupas, and Islamic structures were found at the site, showing its long history as a melting pot of faiths. Artifacts such as terracotta plaques, pottery, coins, and sculptures from these religions have been excavated, highlighting the city’s rich cultural heritage.

The site is mentioned in ancient texts, including the Mahabharata and Puranas, and is linked to regional legends. Local folk stories such as that of Behula and Lakhindar are associated with Mahasthangarh, giving it added cultural importance.

Today, Mahasthangarh offers a glimpse into the past with its ancient fortifications, temple ruins, and inscriptions. Archaeologists continue to study the site, uncovering evidence of early urban planning, drainage systems, and public infrastructure. The site is recognized as a protected archaeological zone and is proposed for UNESCO World Heritage status due to its historical and cultural value.