Phanom Rung Historical Park

Buriram Province, Thailand

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Phanom Rung Historical Park is an ancient temple complex located in Buriram Province, northeastern Thailand. It sits on the rim of an extinct volcano, about 402 meters above sea level, giving it wide views of the surrounding countryside. The main temple, called Prasat Phanom Rung, was built by the Khmer Empire between the 10th and 13th centuries. 

The temple complex was built as a Hindu shrine dedicated to Shiva. Its design represents Mount Kailash, the sacred home of Shiva in Hindu belief. The main buildings are made of sandstone and laterite. Detailed carvings decorate doors, lintels, and walls, showing Hindu gods and scenes from stories like the Ramayana. Over time, Buddhist elements were added to some parts of the complex.

Phanom Rung includes several parts: a lower stairway, a long processional walkway lined by over seventy sandstone posts, and three naga (serpent) bridges. These naga bridges symbolically connect earth and heaven. After walking up the stairs and across the bridges, visitors reach the main sanctuary tower, surrounded by galleries and small pools. Other features include brick sanctuaries from the 10th century, a smaller sanctuary from the 11th century, and libraries called Bannalais from the 13th century.

The site was gradually built and expanded through various Khmer rulers, including King Suryavarman II and King Jayavarman VII. Inscriptions found at the temple show its importance as a religious and community center for the region. Later, it also served as a rest stop and medical center for travelers along the ancient road between Angkor and Phimai.

Phanom Rung was restored in the late 20th century by Thailand’s Department of Fine Arts. The restoration lasted 17 years, finishing in 1988 when the site was officially opened as a historical park. Today, it is a national heritage site and has been submitted for consideration as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The park is known for its stunning architecture, beautiful carvings, and the harmony between the temple and the natural landscape. Every year, a famous festival is held when the sun rises directly through the temple’s 15 doorways, creating a striking light effect. Phanom Rung Historical Park remains a special place to explore ancient history, art, and spiritual beliefs in Thailand.