Citadel of Erbil

Iraq, Iraq

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The Citadel of Erbil is a massive fortified settlement rising above the center of Erbil in northern Iraq. Built on an ancient mound formed by thousands of years of continuous habitation, it is considered one of the oldest continuously inhabited urban sites in the world, with evidence of settlement dating back at least to the 5th millennium BCE. The citadel was known in ancient times as Arbela, an important Assyrian political and religious center, and it later played significant roles under various civilizations and empires. Its distinctive oval shape, historic houses, and fortress-like walls give it a striking appearance that still dominates the modern city skyline. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2014, the Citadel of Erbil is valued for its extraordinary archaeological and cultural significance. Today, it stands as a symbol of Iraq’s rich heritage and ongoing efforts to preserve one of the world's most remarkable historic settlements.